Completion of the entire hepatitis C virus life cycle in genetically humanized mice

More than 130 million people worldwide chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) are at risk of developing severe liver disease. Antiviral treatments are only partially effective against HCV infection, and a vaccine is not available. Development of more efficient therapies has been hampered by the lack of a small animal model. Building on the observation that CD81 and occludin (OCLN) comprise the minimal set of human factors required to render mouse cells permissive to HCV entry, we previously showed that transient expression of these two human genes is sufficient to allow viral uptake into fully immunocompetent inbred mice. Here we demonstrate that transgenic mice stably expressing human CD81 and OCLN also support HCV entry, but innate and adaptive immune responses restrict HCV infection in vivo. Blunting antiviral immunity in genetically humanized mice infected with HCV results in measurable viraemia over several weeks. In mice lacking the essential cellular co-factor cyclophilin A (CypA), HCV RNA replication is markedly diminished, providing genetic evidence that this process is faithfully recapitulated. Using a cell-based fluorescent reporter activated by the NS3-4A protease we visualize HCV infection in single hepatocytes in vivo. Persistently infected mice produce de novo infectious particles, which can be inhibited with directly acting antiviral drug treatment, thereby providing evidence for the completion of the entire HCV life cycle in inbred mice. This genetically humanized mouse model opens new opportunities to dissect genetically HCV infection in vivo and provides an important preclinical platform for testing and prioritizing drug candidates and may also have utility for evaluating vaccine efficacy.

Enlace al artículo

Ultimas publicaciones interesantes en Annual Review of Microbiology

   Fifty Years Fused to Lac

   Jonathan Beckwith
   Annual Review of Microbiology; Volume 67, Page 1 - 19
   http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-micro-092412-155732?ai=snui=4pp7&af=T

 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Acyl-Homoserine Lactone Quorum Sensing: From Evolution to Application

   Martin Schuster, D. Joseph Sexton, Stephen P. Diggle, and E. Peter
   Greenberg
   Annual Review of Microbiology; Volume 67, Page 43 - 63
   http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-micro-092412-155635?ai=snui=4pp7&af=T

   ------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Mechanisms of Acid Resistance in Escherichia coli
   Usheer Kanjee and Walid A. Houry
   Annual Review of Microbiology; Volume 67, Page 65 - 81
   http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-micro-092412-155708?ai=snui=4pp7&af=T

   ------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Transcription Regulation at the Core: Similarities Among Bacterial,
   Archaeal, and Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

   Kimberly B. Decker and Deborah M. Hinton
   Annual Review of Microbiology; Volume 67, Page 113 - 139
   http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-micro-092412-155756?ai=snui=4pp7&af=T

   ------------------------------------------------------------------------
   It Takes a Village: Ecological and Fitness Impacts of Multipartite
   Mutualism

   Elizabeth A. Hussa and Heidi Goodrich-Blair
   Annual Review of Microbiology; Volume 67, Page 161 - 178
   http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-micro-092412-155723?ai=snui=4pp7&af=T

   ------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Electrophysiology of Bacteria

   Anne H. Delcour
   Annual Review of Microbiology; Volume 67, Page 179 - 197
   http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-micro-092412-155637?ai=snui=4pp7&af=T

   ------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Microbial Contributions to Phosphorus Cycling in Eutrophic Lakes and
   Wastewater

   Katherine D. McMahon and Emily K. Read
   Annual Review of Microbiology; Volume 67, Page 199 - 219
   http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-micro-092412-155713?ai=snui=4pp7&af=T


   ------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Wall Teichoic Acids of Gram-Positive Bacteria

   Stephanie Brown, John P. Santa Maria, and Suzanne Walker
   Annual Review of Microbiology; Volume 67, Page 313 - 336
   http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-micro-092412-155620?ai=snui=4pp7&af=T

   ------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Archaeal Biofilms: The Great Unexplored

   Alvaro Orell, Sabrina Fröls, and Sonja-Verena Albers
   Annual Review of Microbiology; Volume 67, Page 337 - 354
   http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-micro-092412-155616?ai=snui=4pp7&af=T


   ------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Biological Consequences and Advantages of Asymmetric Bacterial Growth

   David T. Kysela, Pamela J.B. Brown, Kerwyn Casey Huang, and Yves V.
   Brun
   Annual Review of Microbiology; Volume 67, Page 417 - 435
   http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-micro-092412-155622?ai=snui=4pp7&af=T

   ------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Archaea in Biogeochemical Cycles

   Pierre Offre, Anja Spang, and Christa Schleper
   Annual Review of Microbiology; Volume 67, Page 437 - 457
   http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-micro-092412-155614?ai=snui=4pp7&af=T

   ------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Experimental Approaches for Defining Functional Roles of Microbes in
   the Human Gut

   Gautam Dantas, Morten O.A. Sommer, Patrick H. Degnan, and Andrew L.
   Goodman
   Annual Review of Microbiology; Volume 67, Page 459 - 475
   http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-micro-092412-155642?ai=snui=4pp7&af=T

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
   On the Biological Success of Viruses

   Brian R. Wasik and Paul E. Turner
   Annual Review of Microbiology; Volume 67, Page 519 - 541
   http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-micro-090110-102833?ai=snui=4pp7&af=T

   ------------------------------------------------------------------------
   The Wonderful World of Archaeal Viruses

   David Prangishvili
   Annual Review of Microbiology; Volume 67, Page 565 - 585
   http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-micro-092412-155633?ai=snui=4pp7&af=T

   ------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Tip Growth in Filamentous Fungi: A Road Trip to the Apex

   Meritxell Riquelme
   Annual Review of Microbiology; Volume 67, Page 587 - 609
   http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-micro-092412-155652?ai=snui=4pp7&af=T

   ------------------------------------------------------------------------
   A Paradigm for Endosymbiotic Life: Cell Differentiation of Rhizobium
   Bacteria Provoked by Host Plant Factors

   Eva Kondorosi, Peter Mergaert, and Attila Kereszt
   Annual Review of Microbiology; Volume 67, Page 611 - 628
   http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-micro-092412-155630?ai=snui=4pp7&af=T

   ------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Neutrophils Versus Staphylococcus aureus: A Biological Tug of War

   András N. Spaan, Bas G.J. Surewaard, Reindert Nijland, and Jos A.G.
   van Strijp
   Annual Review of Microbiology; Volume 67, Page 629 - 650
   http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-micro-092412-155746?ai=snui=4pp7af=T

A respiratory nitrate reductase active exclusively in resting spores of the obligate aerobe Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)

Summary

The Gram-positive aerobe Streptomyces coelicolor undergoes a complex life cycle including growth as vegetative hyphae and the production of aerial hyphae and spores. Little is known about how spores retain viability in the presence of oxygen; however, nothing is known about this process during anaerobiosis. Here, we demonstrate that one of the three respiratory nitrate reductases, Nar-1, synthesized by S. coelicolor is functional exclusively in spores. A tight coupling between nitrite production and the activity of the cytoplasmically oriented Nar-1 enzyme was demonstrated. No exogenous electron donor was required to drive nitrate reduction, which indicates that spore storage compounds are used as electron donors. Oxygen reversibly inhibited nitrate reduction by spores but not by spore extracts, suggesting that nitrate transport might be the target of oxygen inhibition. Nar-1 activity required no de novo protein synthesis indicating that Nar-1 is synthesized during sporulation and remains in a latently active state throughout the lifetime of the spore. Remarkably, the rates of oxygen and of nitrate reduction by wetted spores were comparable. Together, these findings suggest that S. coelicolor spores have the potential to maintain a membrane potential using nitrate as an alternative electron acceptor.

Enlace al trabajo

From Parasites to Protectors

Socially parasitic ants can serve as protective symbionts for their fungus-growing hosts in the face of attacks by predatory raiding species.

From The Scientist

A Megalomyrmex symmetochus ant (top) confronts a Gnamptogenys hartmani raider ant (bottom)ANDERS ILLUMSocially parasitic Megalomyrmex ants establish colonies in the gardens of fungus-growing ants, where they restrict the growth and reproduction of their hosts by feeding on resident broods and clipping the wings of virgin queens. But according to a study out today (September 9) in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the presence of these parasitic guests can be beneficial when the host colony comes under attack from another species of ant—the guests use their potent alkaloid venom to fight the raiders and defend the fungal gardens.

“This is really intriguing,” said evolutionary biologist Joan Herbers of Ohio State University, who was not involved in the study. “It’s a novel demonstration that in a certain context, when this nasty predatory ant is around, the parasite can protect the host.” In other words, the parasite-host relationship has shifted to a context-dependent mutualism in which the cost to the host is compensated for by protection against a shared enemy. “That hadn’t been appreciated before for social insects,” Herbers added.

“The findings also highlight how ‘parasitic’ or ‘mutualistic’ relationships are not so clear-cut, and [instead] belong on a continuum of interaction between the two,” Natasha Mehdiabadi, an entomologist at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington D.C., who was not involved in the study, told The Scientist in an e-mail.

Working in the field in Panama, the Smithsonian Institution’s Rachelle Adams saw that one species of venom-alkaloid-producing ants, Megalomyrmex symmetochus, was infiltrating host Sericomyrmex amabilis colonies in greater numbers than other socially parasitic species typically would. She also noticed that the guest colonies boasted far more worker ants than usual. “It wasn’t just the queen and a few workers, as you typically find,” she said, “there were hundreds of workers patrolling the cavities in the host colonies.”

One explanation might be that the guests were at risk of attack by host workers. But the guests’ chemical weapons easily overpower host workers’ biting defenses, so Adams and colleagues wondered whether the hordes of guest workers might be essential to the survival of their own queen in another way. They hypothesized that M. symmetochus might act as defenders when host colonies are attacked by the destructive agro-predator Gnamptogenys hartmani, which Adams had observed invading the same colonies on occasion. To test the idea, she and her colleagues observed interactions among the three species in the lab.

In a series of encounters staged in petri dishes, M. symmetochus workers—which attack their adversaries with toxic venom—were much more effective than S. amabilis workers—which use their mandibles to cut off foes’ extremities—at killing G. hartmani raiders. The guest ants were also significantly less likely to be killed by the raiders. What’s more, some raiders daubed in venom by guest ants were later attacked by members of their own raiding party, suggesting that M. symmetochus venom is both toxic and somehow confuses the G. hartmani ants.

When the ants interacted on fungus garden fragments in the lab, the guest ants remained more effective at killing raiders than their hosts, who needed much larger numbers to mount any counter-attack against even just one or two raiders. Because G. hartmani usually attack with a force of 100 or more, the researchers concluded that hosting a guest ant colony would likely have substantial fitness payoffs for M. symmetochus if the risk of raids was high.

Adams and colleagues also showed that even when the raiders could not directly interact with guest ants, they preferred to initiate attacks on colonies without M. symmetochus compared to those with the guests. This suggested that the very presence of guest ants, communicated by the volatile chemicals they emit, deters G. hartmani.
“They’re still parasites because they’re extracting resources,” said Adams. “But in the context of this scenario, [the parasites] use the same chemical weaponry that helps them to invade the host colony against this other raiding species.” Adams compared M. symmetochus workers to the Medieval mercenaries that protected cities for pay.
To Herber’s mind, the work provides a neat illustration of how coevolved relationships can be transformed from purely parasitical to partially mutualistic. “Most—if not all—mutualistic interactions evolved from a parasitic relationship,” she said. “So how do we get from parasitic to mutualistic? Well, this [study] shows us one way.”
Mehdiabadi added that the study also emphasizes the importance of considering all the players influencing such coevolutionary arms races. “A mutualism doesn't involve two mutualists in the absence of other organisms, and a host-parasite interaction doesn't involve only the two and no others. All players need to be studied, and their interactions need to be examined.”
Adams said her team now plans to investigate whether the same results can be found in the field. The researchers also want to see if another socially parasitic ant species from the same genus, Megalomyrmex adamsae—named after Adams, who discovered the species—also protects its fungus-farming hosts.
R.M.M. Adams et al., “Chemically armed mercenary ants protect fungus-farming societies,” PNAS, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1311654110, 2013.

Obesity via Microbe Transplants

Physical traits like obesity and leanness can be “transmitted” to mice, by inoculating the rodents with human gut microbes. A team of scientists led by Jeffrey Gordon from the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis found that germ-free mice put on weight when they were transplanted with gut microbes from an obese person, but not those from a lean person.

The team also showed that a “lean” microbial community could infiltrate and displace an “obese” one, preventing mice from gaining weight so long as they were on a healthy diet. The results were published today (September 5) in Science.

Gordon emphasized that there are many causes of obesity beyond microbes. Still, he said that studies like these “provide a proof-of-principle for ameliorating diseases.” By understanding how microbes and food interact to influence human health, researchers may be able to design effective probiotics that can prevent obesity by manipulating the microbiome.

The human gut is home to tens of trillions of microbes, which play crucial roles in breaking down food and influencing health. Gordon’s group and others have now shown that obese and lean people differ in their microbial communities. Just last week, the MetaHIT consortium showed that a quarter of Danish people studied had a very low number of bacterial genes in their gut—an impoverished state that correlated with higher risks of both obesity and metabolic diseases.

However, descriptive studies like these cannot tell scientists whether such microbial differences are the cause of obesity or a consequence of it. “A lot of correlations are being made between microbe community configurations and disease states, but we don’t know if these are casual or causal,” said Gordon. By using germ-free mice as living laboratories, Gordon and his colleagues aim to start moving “beyond careful description to direct tests of function,” he added.

“It’s extremely exciting and powerful to go from descriptive studies in humans to mechanistic studies in mice,” said Oluf Pedersen, an endocrinologist who was involved in the MetaHIT studies. “That’s beautifully illustrated in this paper.”

Gordon lab graduate student Vanessa Ridaura inoculated the germ-free mice with gut microbes from four pairs of female twins, each in which one person was obese and the other had a healthy weight. Mice that received the obese humans’ microbes gained more body fat, put on more weight, and showed stronger molecular signs of metabolic problems.

Once the transplanted microbes had taken hold in their guts, but before their bodies had started to change, Ridaura housed the two groups of mice together. Mice regularly eat one another’s feces, so these cage-mates inadvertently introduced their neighbors’ microbes to their own gut communities. Gordon called this the “Battle of the Microbiota.”

These co-housing experiments prevented the mice with “obese” microbes from putting on weight or developing metabolic problems, while those with the “lean” microbes remained at a healthy weight.

Gordon explains that the obese microbe communities, being less diverse than the lean ones, leave many “job openings” within the gut—niches that can be filled by the diverse lean microbes when they invade. “And obviously, those job openings aren’t there in the richer, lean gut community,” he said. “That’s why the invasion is one-directional.” 

“But if invasion is so robust, why then isn’t there an epidemic of leanness?” asked Gordon. “The answer appears to be, in part, diet.”

In her initial experiments, Ridaura fed the mice standard chow, which is high in fiber and plant matter. She also blended up two new recipes, designed to reflect extremes of saturated fat versus fruit and vegetable consumption associated with Western diets.

If the mice were fed food low in fat and high in fruit and vegetables, Ridaura found the same results as before—the lean microbes could cancel out the effect of the obese ones. But when the mice were fed food low in fruit and vegetables and high in saturated fat, those with obese gut microbes still gained weight, no matter who their neighbors were.

This may be because the best colonizers among the lean communities were the Bacteroidetes—a group of bacteria that are excellent at breaking down the complex carbohydrates found in plant foods. When the mice ate plant-rich diets, the Bacteroidetes could fulfill a metabolic role that was vacant in the obese gut communities. When the mice ate unhealthy, plant-poor diets, “these vacancies weren’t there and the organisms couldn’t establish themselves,” said Gordon.

“We’re now trying to identify particular sets of organisms that can do what the complete community does,” Gordon added. The ultimate goal is to create a set of specific bacteria that could be safely administered as a probiotic that, along with a defined diet, could help these beneficial microbes to establish themselves and might effectively prevent weight gain.

“This study is an inspiration for us at MetaHIT,” said Pedersen. “It would be very interesting to take stools or cultures from extreme cases within our samples—people who have very rich or very poor gut microbiomes—and inoculate them into germ-free mice. . . . Now that we have a proof-of-concept, it’s obvious for us to follow up our findings through these studies.”

V.K. Ridaura et al., “Gut microbiota from twins discordant for obesity modulate metabolism in mice,” Science, doi: 10.1126/science.1241214, 2013.

Microbial Fuel Factories

Microbial Fuel Factories

The paper
M.W. Keller et al., “Exploiting microbial hyperthermophilicity to produce an industrial chemical, using hydrogen and carbon dioxide,” PNAS, 110:5840-45, 2013.

The finding
Genetically engineered microorganisms could be used to produce fuels and industrial products, but some microbes’ metabolisms get in the way, degrading or blocking synthesis of the products scientists want. By keeping an extreme heat-loving microorganism below its accustomed temperature, University of Georgia biochemist Michael Adams and colleagues deactivated many of the hyperthermophile’s own metabolic processes and engineered a pathway that could ultimately be manipulated to produce liquid fuel.

The methods
Adams and colleagues took five genes from one archaebacterium (Metallosphaera sedula) that uses hydrogen gas as an energy source to incorporate carbon dioxide into organic compounds, and inserted those genes into the hyperthermophile Pyrococcus furiosus, another archaebacterium. The modified microbe produced 3-hydroxypropionic acid, a valued industrial compound used in acrylic plastics production.

The innovation
The hyperthermophile P. furiosus grows best at 100 °C, but the scientists cultured it near 70 °C, a temperature at which “it’s sort of a close-to-inactive bowl of cytoplasm, whereas the genes we engineered into it are maximally active at 70 degrees,” says Adams. By shifting the culturing temperature, the team enabled the engineered microbe to efficiently perform new tasks without interference from its usual metabolic processes.

The model
“This is exciting work that extends frontiers in several important ways,” demonstrating both a new way to make useful organic chemicals and a strategy for genetically engineering a heat-loving microbe, says Lee Lynd, a metabolic engineer at Dartmouth College.

Microbiota-liberated host sugars facilitate post-antibiotic expansion of enteric pathogens

Microbiota-liberated host sugars facilitate post-antibiotic expansion of enteric pathogens

The human intestine, colonized by a dense community of resident microbes, is a frequent target of bacterial pathogens. Undisturbed, this intestinal microbiota provides protection from bacterial infections. Conversely, disruption of the microbiota with oral antibiotics often precedes the emergence of several enteric pathogens^{1, 2, 3, 4}. How pathogens capitalize upon the failure of microbiota-afforded protection is largely unknown. Here we show that two antibiotic-associated pathogens, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium) and Clostridium difficile, use a common strategy of catabolizing microbiota-liberated mucosal carbohydrates during their expansion within the gut. S. typhimurium accesses fucose and sialic acid within the lumen of the gut in a microbiota-dependent manner, and genetic ablation of the respective catabolic pathways reduces its competitiveness in vivo. Similarly, C. difficile expansion is aided by microbiota-induced elevation of sialic acid levels in vivo. Colonization of gnotobiotic mice with a sialidase-deficient mutant of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, a model gut symbiont, reduces free sialic acid levels resulting in C. difficile downregulating its sialic acid catabolic pathway and exhibiting impaired expansion. These effects are reversed by exogenous dietary administration of free sialic acid. Furthermore, antibiotic treatment of conventional mice induces a spike in free sialic acid and mutants of both Salmonella and C. difficile that are unable to catabolize sialic acid exhibit impaired expansion. These data show that antibiotic-induced disruption of the resident microbiota and subsequent alteration in mucosal carbohydrate availability are exploited by these two distantly related enteric pathogens in a similar manner. This insight suggests new therapeutic approaches for preventing diseases caused by antibiotic-associated pathogens.

Acceso al trabajo

A bacterial symbiont is converted from an inedible producer of beneficial molecules into food by a single mutation in the gacA gene

Abstract

Stable multipartite mutualistic associations require that all partners benefit. We show that a single mutational step is sufficient to turn a symbiotic bacterium from an inedible but host-beneficial secondary metabolite producer into a host food source. The bacteria’s host is a “farmer” clone of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum that carries and disperses bacteria during its spore stage. Associated with the farmer are two strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens, only one of which serves as a food source. The other strain produces diffusible small molecules: pyrrolnitrin, a known antifungal agent, and a chromene that potently enhances the farmer’s spore production and depresses a nonfarmer’s spore production. Genome sequence and phylogenetic analyses identify a derived point mutation in the food strain that generates a premature stop codon in a global activator (gacA), encoding the response regulator of a two-component regulatory system. Generation of a knockout mutant of this regulatory gene in the nonfood bacterial strain altered its secondary metabolite profile to match that of the food strain, and also, independently, converted it into a food source. These results suggest that a single mutation in an inedible ancestral strain that served a protective role converted it to a “domesticated” food source.

Acceso al trabajo                            

Protein that delays cell division in bacteria may lead to the identification of new antibiotics

Protein that delays cell division in bacteria may lead to the identification of new antibiotics

Scientists at Washington University have worked out how two bacterial strains delay cell division when food is abundant, an understanding that might be used to design drugs that stop division entirely
August 12, 2013
By Diana Lutz

LEVIN LAB
In a rapidly dividing chain of bacterial cells (top), constriction rings that will pinch the cells in two appear in red. The red doughnut to the bottom right of the image is a constriction ring seen head on rather than from the side. In the middle, an image of the constriction rings (red) has been overlaid on one of the cell walls (green), The bottom image shows the constriction rings (red) and the bacterial DNA (blue). Scientists at Washington University in St. Louis are learning exactly how the bacteria control the assembly of the constriction rings and thus the timing of cell division.


In 1958 a group of scientists working in Denmark made the striking observation that bacterial cells are about twice as large when they are cultured on a rich nutrient source than when they are cultured on a meager one. When they are shifted from a nutrient-poor environment to a nutrient-rich one, they bulk up until they have achieved a size more appropriate to their new growth conditions.

It has taken 60 years to figure out how the bacteria are able to sample their surroundings and alter their cell cycles so that they grow to a size suited to the environment.

In 2007 Petra Levin, PhD, a biologist at Washington University in St. Louis, reported in Cell that a soil bacterium named Bacillis subtilis has a protein that senses how much food is available and, when food is plentiful, temporarily blocks the assembly of a constriction ring that pinches a cell in two to create two daughter cells.

Now Norbert Hill, a graduate student in her group, reports in the July 25 online edition of PLoS Genetics that Escherichia coli uses a similar protein to help ensure cell size is coordinated with nutrient conditions.

Delaying division even just a little bit leads to an increase in daughter cell size. Once stabilized at the new size, cells take advantage of abundant nutrient sources to increase and multiply, doubling their population at regular intervals until the food is exhausted.

Because both the B. subtilis and E. coli proteins interact with essential components of the division machinery, understanding how they function will help in the discovery of antibiotics that block cell division permanently. A group in Cambridge, England, is already working to crystallize the E. coli protein docked on one of the essential components of the constriction ring.

If they are successful they may be able to see exactly how the protein interferes with the ring’s assembly. An antibiotic could then be designed that would use the same mechanism to prevent division entirely, killing the bacteria.


Why do bacteria get bigger on a good food source?
Bacteria increase and multiply by a process called binary fission. Each cell grows and then the divides in the middle to produce two daughter cells. What could be simpler?

But the closer you look, the less simple it becomes. For binary fission to work the cell must make a copy of its circular chromosome, unlink and separate the two chromosomes to create a gap between them, assemble a constriction ring in the middle of the cell and coordinate the growth of new cell membrane as the ring cinches tight and pinches the mother cell in two. To complicate matters, bacteria don’t necessarily do these steps one by one but can instead work on several steps simultaneously.

Most of the time the goal is to produce daughters the same size as the mother cell. But when food is plentiful, bacteria start making more copies of their DNA (as many as 12) in anticipation of divisions to come, and they can’t easily cram all the extra DNA into standard-sized cells. So they grow bigger to accommodate the extra genetic material and remain large as long as the food lasts.

The inventory of partly copied chromosomes fuels rapid population growth, because a cell doesn’t start from scratch when it needs another copy of its chromosome. Under optimum conditions, E. coli, for example, divides once every 17 minutes. If they are allowed to grow unhindered this means that in 24 hours 1 bacterium becomes about 5 x 1021 bacteria (that is 5 with 21 zeros after it.)

How do bacteria know the pickings are rich?
In B. subtilis and E. coli the signal is a modified sugar called UDP-glucose. Presumably, the richer the growth medium, the higher the level of this sugar inside the cell.


Norbert Hill (“Bisco”), the first author of the PlosGenetics paper, in the lab. He worked out the signaling pathway in E. coli that connects nutrient levels to cell division, largely by studying mutant strains of E. coli with broken pathways.


In both bacteria UDP-glucose binds to a protein and the sugar-protein complex then interferes with the assembly of the constriction ring. In the case of B. subtilis the protein is called UgtP and in the case of E. coli it is OpgH.

“It’s interesting,” Hill said, “that both organisms, which are more different from one another than we are from bakers’ yeast, are using the same system to coordinate changing size in response to nutrient availability.”

UgtP and OpgH are bifunctional proteins that are “moonlighting” as elements of the cell-division control systems. In both cases their day jobs are to help build the cell envelope. “We think they are communicating not only how much glucose there is in the cell, but also how fast the cell is growing,” Levin said. “The sensor says not only is food abundant, but we’re also growing really fast, so we should be bigger.”

Both proteins delay division by interfering with FtsZ, the first protein to move to the division site, where it assembles into a scaffold and recruits other proteins to form a constriction ring.

“Very little is known about the assembly of the ring,” Hill said. “There are a dozen essential division proteins and we don’t know what half of them do. Nor do we understand how the ring develops enough force to constrict.”

“We do know FtsZ exists in two states,” Hill added. “One is a small monomer and the other is many monomers linked together to form a multi-unit polymer. We think the polymers bind laterally to form a scaffold and then, with the help of other proteins, make a meshwork that goes around the cell.

UgtP and OpgH both interfere with the ability of FtsZ to form the longer polymers necessary for assembly of the constriction ring.

When nutrient levels are low, UgtP and OpgH are sequestered away from the division machinery. FtsZ is then free to assemble into the scaffold supporting the constriction ring so the cell can divide. Because division proceeds unimpeded, cells are smaller when they divide.

What about other bacteria?
This control system helps to explain the 60-year-old observation that bacterial cells get bigger when they are shifted to a nutrient-rich medium.

Comparing the mechanisms that govern cell division in E. coli and B. subtilis reveals conserved aspects of cell size control, including the use of UDP-glucose, a molecule common to all domains of life, as a proxy for nutrient availability, and the use of moonlighting proteins to couple growth-rate-dependent phenomena to the central metabolism.

But much more is known about these model organisms, which many labs study, than the average bacterium. Nobody is sure how many species of bacteria there are—somewhere between 10 million and a billion at a guess—and they don’t all divide the way B. subtilis and E. coli do.

The whimsically named giant bacterium Epulopiscium fiselsoni (“Fishelson’s guest at a fish’s banquet”) that lives in the guts of sturgeonfish, has the gene for FtsZ but doesn’t divide by binary fission. And then there are bacteria like the pathogen Chlamydia traachomatis that don’t have a gene for anything like FtsZ. “We don’t know how these bacteria divide, much less maintain an appropriate cell size,” Levin said.

The End of Antibiotics? - Body Horrors | DiscoverMagazine.com

The End of Antibiotics?

By Rebecca Kreston | August 1, 2013 7:00 pm

Maryn McKenna has an unsettling and sobering article at Nature examining the the emergence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Since 2002, this large family of  bacteria, gram-negative organisms that include many symbionts as well as the gut-dwelling Escherica coli and Klebsiella species that cause hospital infections, are increasingly in possession of a carbapenem-resistance gene rending our best antibiotics useless.

A map of the United States showing states with carbapenemase-producing CRE that promote resistance to carbapenem antibiotics as confirmed by CDC as of September 2012.

Carbapenem antibiotics are a class of heavy duty antibiotics that treat a broad spectrum of bacterial infections. These antibiotics to be used as a “last resort,” when nothing else works to dislodge a serious infection, and are now joining the rest of our failed antibiotics as microbes become increasingly drug resistant to our best and last options. These carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, termed CRE, are alarming for three important reasons: they are resistant to nearly all antibiotics, they are frightfully deadly and kill nearly 50% of infected patients, and they can spread their resistance to other bacteria by swapping the plasmid containing the resistant gene. The Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics, and Policy has some nice interactive tools showing the emergence of these CRE over time. A snapshot of the emergence of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in the United States is shown below.

A graph from the Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy. Isolates of cabapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae have emerged since the early 2000s and are becoming increasingly common throughout the country with resistance rates rising from 0% until 2002 to 4.5% in 2010. K. pneumoniae, a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family, causes the vast majority of hospital-borne urinary tract infections (UTIs) and bloodstream infections. Click for source and to see an interactive version of this image.

In her article “Antibiotic resistance: The last resort,” McKenna sketches out the the origins of this new pandemic, where we went wrong in surveilling its presence in our hospitals and long-term care facilities, and ways to tackle its spread. The article is a must-read, kick-in-the-pants take on what we must do before we are completely at a loss to treat bacterial infections. With continuing spread of this gene among a population of pathogens and without this vital class of antibiotics, there may soon be a point in which we can do little to treat sepsis, urinary tract infections, or catheter-borne infections. We do not have any alternatives, we do not have adequate tools that work as effectively to treat these very serious, often deadly infections.
In 2011, the CDC released a fact sheet for the public, “Antibiotics: Will they work when you really need them?” to help promote responsible antibiotic usage. In a decade, will we even be able to ask this question?
Resources
The World Economic Forum releases an annual survey, the Global Risk report, on the top 50 risks facing our world. Their 2013 report included antibiotic-resistant bacteria as one of those risks, citing destabilization to our health systems and food supply, imperiling the practice of common medical procedures, and the fact that none of the antibiotics and drugs that are currently in the development pipeline would be able to protect us against certain bacteria. Must read.
The End of Antibiotics? - Body Horrors | DiscoverMagazine.com

Nuevos antibióticos

http://m.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23523507

Structure-Antifungal Activity Relationships of Polyene Antibiotics of the Amphotericin B Group.

Autores:
Tevyashova AN, Olsufyeva EN, Solovieva SE, Printsevskaya SS, Reznikova MI, Trenin AS, Galatenko OA, Treshalin ID, Pereverzeva ER, Mirchink EP, Isakova EB, Zotchev SB, Preobrazhenskaya MN.

A comprehensive comparative analysis of the structure - antifungal activity relationships for the series of biosynthetically engineered nystatin analogues, their novel semisynthetic derivatives, as well as amphotericin B (AMB) and its semisynthetic derivatives was performed. The data obtained revealed the significant influence of the structure of the C7 - C10 polyol region on the antifungal activity of these polyene antibiotics. Comparison of positions of hydroxyl groups in the antibiotics and in vitro antifungal activity data showed that the most active are the compounds in which hydroxyl groups are in the positions C8 and C9 or C7 and C10. Antibiotics with OH groups at both C7 and C9 positions had the lowest activity. The replacement of the C16 carboxyl with methyl group did not significantly affect the in vitro antifungal activity of antibiotics without modifications at the amino group of mycosamine. In contrast, the activity of the N-modified derivatives was modulated both by the presence of CH₃ or COOH group in the position C16, and the structure of the modifying substituent.The most active compounds were tested in vivo to determine maximum tolerated doses (MTD) and antifungal activity on the model of candidosis sepsis in leucopenic mice (cyclophosphamide-induced). Study of our library of semisynthetic polyene antibiotics led to the discovery of compounds, namely, N-(L-lysyl)-BSG005 (3n) and, especially, L-glutamate of 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl amide of S44HP (2j) with high antifungal activity that are comparable in the in vitro and in vivo tests to AMB, and have better toxicological properties.

Enlace al trabajo

Recombinational Cloning the Antibiotic Biosynthetic Gene Clusters in Linear Plasmid SCP1 of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)

Uso de un plásmido lineal para clonar genes de producción de antibióticos

Autores: 

1. Ran Zhang,
2. Haiyang Xia,
3. Qingyu Xu,
4. Fujun Dang,
5. Zhongjun Qin

The model organism Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) harbors a 356-kb linear plasmid, SCP1. We report here development of a recombinational cloning method for deleting large segment from one telomere of SCP1 followed by replacing with the telomere of pSLA2 and sequentially inserting with the overlapping cosmids in vivo. The procedure depends on homologous recombination coupled with cleavage at telomere termini by telomere terminal protein. Using this procedure we cloned the 81-kb avermectin and the 76-kb spinosad biosynthetic gene clusters into SCP1. Heterologous expression of avermectin production in S. coelicolor was detected. These results demonstrate the utility of SCP1 for cloning large DNA segments such as antibiotic biosynthetic gene clusters.

Enlace al trabajo

Heterologous viral expression systems in fosmid vectors increase the functional analysis potential of metagenomic libraries

Trabajo interesante del grupo de Eduardo Santero.

Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Junta de Andalucía, and Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide

Uso de fósmidos, librerías metagenómicas, detección de especies resistentes a antibióticos.

The extraordinary potential of metagenomic functional analyses to identify activities of interest present in uncultured microorganisms has been limited by reduced gene expression in surrogate hosts. We have developed vectors and specialized E. coli strains as improved metagenomic DNA heterologous expression systems, taking advantage of viral components that prevent transcription termination at metagenomic terminators. One of the systems uses the phage T7 RNA-polymerase to drive metagenomic gene expression, while the other approach uses the lambda phage transcription anti-termination protein N to limit transcription termination. A metagenomic library was constructed and functionally screened to identify genes conferring carbenicillin resistance to E. coli. The use of these enhanced expression systems resulted in a 6-fold increase in the frequency of carbenicillin resistant clones. Subcloning and sequence analysis showed that, besides β-lactamases, efflux pumps are not only able contribute to carbenicillin resistance but may in fact be sufficient by themselves to convey carbenicillin resistance.

Acceso al trabajo:

Acceso a comentarios:

Revisión sobre "competencia en bacterias"

Bacterial genomics is flourishing, as whole-genome sequencing has become affordable, readily available and rapid. As a result, it has become clear how frequently horizontal gene transfer (HGT) occurs in bacteria. The potential implications are highly significant because HGT contributes to several processes, including the spread of antibiotic-resistance cassettes, the distribution of toxin-encoding phages and the transfer of pathogenicity islands. Three modes of HGT are recognized in bacteria: conjugation, transduction and natural transformation. In contrast to the first two mechanisms, natural competence for transformation does not rely on mobile genetic elements but is driven solely by a developmental programme in the acceptor bacterium. Once the bacterium becomes competent, it is able to take up DNA from the environment and to incorporate the newly acquired DNA into its own chromosome. The initiation and duration of competence differ significantly among bacteria. In this review, we outline the latest data on representative naturally transformable Gram-negative bacteria and how their competence windows differ. We also summarize how environmental cues contribute to the initiation of competence in a subset of naturally transformable Gram-negative bacteria and how the complexity of the niche might dictate the fine-tuning of the competence window.

Acceso al trabajo

Asymmetric growth and division in Mycobacterium spp.: compensatory mechanisms for non-medial septa

Mycobacterium spp., rod-shaped cells belonging to the phylum Actinomycetes, lack the Min- and Noc/Slm systems responsible for preventing the placement of division sites at the poles or over the nucleoids to ensure septal assembly at mid-cell. We show that the position for establishment of the FtsZ-ring in exponentially growing Mycobacterium marinum and Mycobacterium smegmatis cells is nearly random, and that the cells often divide non-medially, producing two unequal but viable daughters. Septal sites and cellular
growth disclosed by staining with the membrane specific dye FM4-64 and fluorescent antibiotic vancomycin (FL-Vanco), respectively, showed that many division sites were off-centre, often over the nucleoids, and that apical cell growth was frequently unequal at the two poles. DNA transfer through the division septum was detected, and translocation activity was supported by the presence of a putative mycobacterial DNA translocase (MSMEG2690) at the majority of the division sites. Time-lapse imaging of single live cells through several generations confirmed both acentric division site placement and unequal polar growth in mycobacteria. Our evidence suggests that post-septal DNA transport and unequal polar growth may compensate for the non-medial division site placement in Mycobacterium spp.

Acceso a la publicación

A Plasmid-Encoded Phosphatase Regulates Bacillus subtilis Biofilm Architecture, Sporulation, and Genetic Competence

B. subtilis biofilm formation is tightly regulated by elaborate signaling pathways. In contrast to domesticated lab strains of B. subtilis, which form smooth, essentially featureless colonies, undomesticated strains such as NCIB3610 form architecturally complex biofilms.  NCIB3610 also encodes an 80-kb plasmid absent from laboratory strains, and mutations in a plasmid-encoded homolog of a Rap protein, RapP, caused a hyper-rugose biofilm phenotype.

Here we explored the role of rapP-phrP in biofilm formation. We found that RapP is a phosphatase that dephosphorylates the intermediate response regulator Spo0F. RapP appears to employ a catalytic glutamate to dephosphorylate the Spo0F aspartylphosphate, and the implications of the RapP catalytic glutamate are discussed. In addition to regulating B. subtilis biofilm formation, we found that RapP regulates sporulation and genetic competence as a result of its ability to dephosphorylate Spo0F. Interestingly, while rap-phr gene cassettes routinely form regulatory pairs, i.e., the mature phr gene product inhibits the activity of the rap gene product, the phrP gene product did not inhibit RapP activity in our assays. RapP activity was, however, inhibited by PhrH in vivo but not in vitro.

Additional genetic analysis suggests that RapP is directly inhibited by peptide binding. We speculate that PhrH could be subject to post-translational modification in vivo and directly inhibit RapP activity, or, more likely, PhrH upregulates the expression of a peptide that in turn directly binds to RapP and inhibits its Spo0F phosphatase activity.

Acceso al trabajo

Improvement of Natamycin Production by Engineering of Phosphopantetheinyl Transferases in Streptomyces chattanoogensis L10

Phosphopantetheinyl transferases (PPTases) are essential to the activities of type I/II polyketide synthases (PKSs) and non ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) through converting acyl carrier proteins (ACPs) in PKSs and peptidyl carrier proteins (PCPs) in NRPSs from inactive apo-forms into active holo-forms, leading to biosynthesis of polyketides and non ribosomal peptides.

The industrial natamycin (NTM) producer, Streptomyces chattanoogensis L10, contains two PPTases (SchPPT and SchACPS), and five PKSs. Biochemical characterization of these two PPTases shows: SchPPT catalyzes the phosphopantetheinylation of ACPs in both type I PKSs and type II PKSs; SchACPS catalyzes the phosphopantetheinylation of ACPs in type II PKSs and fatty acid synthases (FASs); the specificity of SchPPT is possibly controlled by its C-terminus.

Inactivation of SchPPT in S. chattanoogensis L10 abolished production of NTM but not the spore pigment, while overexpression of SchPPT not only increased the NTM production by about 40% but also accelerated productions of both NTM and the spore pigment.

Thus, we elucidated a comprehensive phosphopantetheinylation network of PKSs and improved the polyketide production by engineering the cognate PPTase in bacteria.

Acceso al trabajo

Microbial metabolic exchange in 3D

Mono- and multispecies microbial populations alter the chemistry of their surrounding environments during colony development thereby influencing multicellular behavior and interspecies interactions of neighboring microbes. Here we present a methodology that enables the creation of three-dimensional (3D) models of a microbial chemotype that can be correlated to the colony phenotype through multimodal imaging analysis. 

These models are generated by performing matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) on serial cross-sections of microbial colonies grown on 8 mm deep agar, registering data sets of each serial section in MATLAB to create a model, and then superimposing the model with a photograph of the colonies themselves. 

As proof-of-principle, 3D models were used to visualize metabolic exchange during microbial interactions between Bacillus subtilis and Streptomyces coelicolor, as well as, Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The resulting models were able to capture the depth profile of secreted metabolites within the agar medium and revealed properties of certain mass signals that were previously not observable using two-dimensional MALDI-TOF IMS.

Enlace al trabajo

Observing the invisible through imaging mass spectrometry

Many microbes can be cultured as single-species communities. The microbial communities, or colonies, curate their environment via metabolic exchange factors such as released natural products. To date, there are very few tools available that can monitor, in a systematic and informative fashion, the metabolic release patterns by microbes grown in a pure or mixed culture. There are significant challenges in the ability to monitor the metabolic secretome from growing microbial colonies. For example, the chemistries of such molecules can be extremely diverse, ranging from polyketides (e.g. erythromycin), non-ribosomal peptides (e.g. penicillin), isoprenoids (e.g. artemisinin), fatty acids (e.g. octanoic acid), microcins (e.g. Nisin), to peptides (e.g. microcin C7), poly-nucleotides and proteins.  Because of this chemical diversity, most of these molecules are extracted prior to analysis and studied one at a time and apart from the native spatial context of a microbial colony. Thus, limited information is obtained about the metabolic output of colonies in a synergetic or multiplexed fashion.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is a powerful tool for simultaneously investigating the spatial distribution of multiple different biological molecules. The technique offers a molecular view of the peptides, proteins, polymers and lipids produced by a microbial colony without the need of exogenous labels or radioactive trace material. 

Target compounds can be measured and visualized simultaneously and in a high throughput manner within a single experiment. IMS extends beyond techniques such as MALDI profiling or MALDI intact cell analysis. Although invaluable, these techniques give a broad view of the metabolites produced in reference to a growing colony, where discretely secreted low global concentration but high local concentration metabolites could be missed.

Enlace al trabajo 

Publicaciones de Pieter C. Dorrestein

Nuevas funciones para los sistemas de restricción-modificación

Kommireddy Vasu and Valakunja Nagaraja

SUMMARY 

Restriction-modification (R-M) systems are ubiquitous and are often considered primitive immune systems in bacteria. Their diversity and prevalence across the prokaryotic kingdom are an indication of their success as a defense mechanism against invading genomes. However, their cellular defense function does not adequately explain the basis for their immaculate specificity in sequence recognition and nonuniform distribution, ranging from none to too many, in diverse species. The present review deals with new developments which provide insights into the roles of these enzymes in other aspects of cellular function. In this review, emphasis is placed on novel hypotheses and various findings that have not yet been dealt with in a critical review. Emerging studies indicate their role in various cellular processes other than host defense, virulence, and even controlling the rate of evolution of the organism. We also discuss how R-M systems could have successfully evolved and be involved in additional cellular portfolios, thereby increasing the relative fitness of their hosts in the population.

Copia del trabajo en la Moodle.

Acceso al trabajo

Bacterias que degradan el iboprufeno

 El ibuprofeno es un antiinflamatorio no esteroideo (AINE), utilizado frecuentemente como antipirético y para el alivio sintomático del dolor de cabeza (cefalea), dolor dental (odontalgia), dolor muscular o mialgia, molestias de la menstruación (dismenorrea), dolor neurológico de carácter leve y dolor postquirúrgico. También se usa para tratar cuadros inflamatorios, como los que se presentan en artritis, artritis reumatoide (AR) y artritis gotosa. En el último nº de Microbiology (SGM) se ha publicado un trabajo en el que se describe un microorganismo que degrada el iboprufeno.

Abstract

Sphingomonas Ibu-2 has the unusual ability to cleave the acid side chain from the pharmaceutical ibuprofen and related arylacetic acid derivatives to yield corresponding catechols under aerobic conditions via a previously uncharacterized mechanism. Screening a chromosomal library of Ibu-2 DNA in Escherichia coli EPI300 allowed us to identify one fosmid clone (pFOS3G7) that conferred the ability to metabolize ibuprofen to isobutylcatechol.

Iboprufeno

Enlace al artículo

Base de datos de enzimas de restricción

Para saber casi todo sobre los enzimas de restricción deben visitar la siguiente página web

Genomas de eucariotas, procariotas y virus (Enero 2013)

Listado de genomas de eucariotas, bacterias y virus que se han publicado en Enero 2013:

(como son muchas especies, y no tengo mucho tiempo, solo he puesto en cursiva las dos primeras especies)

Genome Announcements
January 2013; 1 (1)
http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1?etoc

------------------------------

----------------------------------

  Eukaryotes
-----------------------------------------------------------------

  Draft Genome Sequence of Herpotrichiellaceae sp. UM 238 Isolated from
  Human Skin Scraping
  Kee Peng Ng, Su Mei Yew, Chai Ling Chan, Ruixin Tan, Tuck Soon Soo-Hoo,
  Shiang Ling Na, Hamimah Hassan, Yun Fong Ngeow, Chee-Choong Hoh, Kok Wei
  Lee, and Wai-Yan Yee
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00148-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00148-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00148-12.abstract.html?etoc

-----------------------------------------------------------------
 Prokaryotes
-----------------------------------------------------------------

  Complete Genome Sequence of a Propionibacterium acnes Isolate from a
  Sarcoidosis Patient
  Kana Minegishi, Chihiro Aikawa, Asuka Furukawa, Takayasu Watanabe,
  Tsubasa Nakano, Yoshitoshi Ogura, Yoshiyuki Ohtsubo, Ken Kurokawa,
  Tetsuya Hayashi, Fumito Maruyama, Ichiro Nakagawa, and Yoshinobu Eishi
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00016-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00016-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00016-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Genome Sequence of Sinorhizobium meliloti Rm41
  Stefan Weidner, Birgit Baumgarth, Michael Göttfert, Sebastian Jaenicke,
  Alfred Pühler, Susanne Schneiker-Bekel, Javier Serrania, Rafael
  Szczepanowski, and Anke Becker
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00013-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00013-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00013-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Genome Sequences of Salmonella enterica Serovar Heidelberg Isolates
  Isolated in the United States from a Multistate Outbreak of Human
  Salmonella Infections
  Maria Hoffmann, Yan Luo, Patricia C. Lafon, Ruth Timme, Marc W. Allard,
  Patrick F. McDermott, Eric W. Brown, and Shaohua Zhao
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00004-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00004-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00004-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Genome Sequences of Two Lactococcus garvieae Strains Isolated from Meat
  Giovanni Ricci, Chiara Ferrario, Francesca Borgo, Giovanni Eraclio, and
  Maria Grazia Fortina
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00018-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00018-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00018-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Genome Sequence of Helicobacter heilmannii Sensu Stricto ASB1 Isolated
  from the Gastric Mucosa of a Kitten with Severe Gastritis
  Annemieke Smet, Filip Van Nieuwerburgh, Jessica Ledesma, Bram Flahou,
  Dieter Deforce, Richard Ducatelle, and Freddy Haesebrouck
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00033-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00033-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00033-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequence of Simiduia agarivorans SA1^T, a Marine
  Bacterium Able To Degrade a Variety of Polysaccharides
  Silk Yu Lin, Wung Yang Shieh, Jwo-Sheng Chen, and Sen-Lin Tang
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00039-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00039-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00039-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Genome Sequence of Sphingomonas xenophaga QYY, an Anthraquinone-Degrading
  Strain
  Yuanyuan Qu, Xuwang Zhang, Hao Yu, Hongzhi Tang, E Shen, Hao Zhou, Qiao
  Ma, Xiangyu Cao, Jiti Zhou, and Ping Xu
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00031-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00031-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00031-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequence of the Paenibacillus sp. Strain ICGEB2008 (MTCC
  5639) Isolated from the Gut of Helicoverpa armigera
  Nidhi Adlakha, Hemant Ritturaj Kushwaha, Raman Rajagopal, and Syed Shams
  Yazdani
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00026-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00026-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00026-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequence of a Single Cell of SAR86 Clade Subgroup IIIa
  D. B. Rusch, M.-J. Lombardo, J. Yee-Greenbaum, M. Novotny, L. M. Brinkac,
  R. S. Lasken, and C. L. Dupont
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00030-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00030-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00030-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome of Klebsiella pneumoniae Sequence Type 512, a
  Multidrug-Resistant Strain Isolated during a Recent KPC Outbreak in Italy
  Francesco Comandatore, Paolo Gaibani, Simone Ambretti, Maria Paola
  Landini, Daniele Daffonchio, Piero Marone, Vittorio Sambri, Claudio
  Bandi, and Davide Sassera
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00035-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00035-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00035-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Genome Sequence of the Acidophilic Bacterium Acidocella sp. Strain
  MX-AZ02
  Luis E. Servín-Garcidueñas, Roger A. Garrett, Ricardo Amils, and
  Esperanza Martínez-Romero
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00041-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00041-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00041-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Whole-Genome Shotgun Sequencing of Mycobacterium abscessus M156, an
  Emerging Clinical Pathogen in Malaysia
  Siew Woh Choo, Yan Ling Wong, Ching Yew Beh, Naline Lokanathan, Mee Lian
  Leong, Chia Sui Ong, Kee Peng Ng, and Yun Fong Ngeow
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00063-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00063-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00063-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Genome Sequence of Rhizobium lupini HPC(L) Isolated from Saline Desert
  Soil, Kutch (Gujarat)
  Leena Agarwal and Hemant J. Purohit
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00071-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00071-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00071-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Genome Sequence of Pseudomonas sp. Strain Chol1, a Model Organism for the
  Degradation of Bile Salts and Other Steroid Compounds
  Johannes Holert, Intikhab Alam, Michael Larsen, André Antunes, Vladimir
  B. Bajic, Ulrich Stingl, and Bodo Philipp
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00014-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00014-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00014-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Genome Sequence of the Attenuated Carbosap Vaccine Strain of Bacillus
  anthracis
  Robin Harrington, Brian D. Ondov, Diana Radune, Mary Beth Friss, Joy
  Klubnik, Lynn Diviak, Jonathan Hnath, Stephen R. Cendrowski, Thomas E.
  Blank, David Karaolis, Arthur M. Friedlander, James P. Burans, M. J.
  Rosovitz, Todd Treangen, Adam M. Phillippy, and Nicholas H. Bergman
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00067-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00067-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00067-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Genome Sequence of Chlamydia psittaci Strain 01DC12 Originating from
  Swine
  Helena M. B. Seth-Smith, Michelle Sait, Konrad Sachse, Wolfgang Gaede,
  David Longbottom, and Nicholas R. Thomson
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00078-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00078-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00078-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequences of Two Clinical Isolates of Lactobacillus
  rhamnosus from Initial Stages of Dental Pulp Infection
  Zhiliang Chen, Marc R. Wilkins, Neil Hunter, and Mangala A. Nadkarni
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00073-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00073-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00073-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequence of Fructophilic Lactobacillus florum
  Eun Bae Kim, Charlotte A. Tyler, Lauren M. Kopit, and Maria L. Marco
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00025-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00025-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00025-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequence of the Opportunistic Human Pathogen Morganella
  morganii SC01
  Indu Khatri, Chetna Dureja, Saumya Raychaudhuri, and Srikrishna
  Subramanian
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00051-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00051-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00051-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequence of Rhizobium mesoamericanum STM3625, a
  Nitrogen-Fixing Symbiont of Mimosa pudica Isolated in French Guiana
  (South America)
  Lionel Moulin, Damien Mornico, Rémy Melkonian, and Agnieszka Klonowska
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00066-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00066-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00066-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequences of Pseudomonas fluorescens BS2 and Pusillimonas
  noertemannii BS8, Soil Bacteria That Cooperate To Degrade the
  Poly-γ-d-Glutamic Acid Anthrax Capsule
  Richard A. Stabler, David Negus, Arnab Pain, and Peter W. Taylor
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00057-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00057-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00057-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequence of Clostridium sp. Maddingley, Isolated from
  Coal-Seam Gas Formation Water
  Carly P. Rosewarne, Paul Greenfield, Dongmei Li, Nai Tran-Dinh, Mark I.
  Bradbury, David J. Midgley, and Philip Hendry
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00081-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00081-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00081-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequence of Methanobacterium sp. Maddingley, Reconstructed
  from Metagenomic Sequencing of a Methanogenic Microbial Consortium
  Enriched from Coal-Seam Gas Formation Water
  Carly P. Rosewarne, Paul Greenfield, Dongmei Li, Nai Tran-Dinh, David J.
  Midgley, and Philip Hendry
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00082-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00082-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00082-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequences and Annotation of Enterococcus faecium Strain
  LCT-EF20
  De Chang, Yuanfang Zhu, Jiapeng Chen, Xiangqun Fang, Tianzhi Li, Junfeng
  Wang, Yinghua Guo, Longxiang Su, Guogang Xu, Yajuan Wang, Zhenhong Chen,
  and Changting Liu
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00083-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00083-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00083-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequences of Two Multidrug Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae
  ST258 Isolates Resistant to Colistin
  Francesco Comandatore, Davide Sassera, Simone Ambretti, Maria Paola
  Landini, Daniele Daffonchio, Piero Marone, Vittorio Sambri, Claudio
  Bandi, and Paolo Gaibani
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00113-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00113-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00113-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Genome Sequence of the Sulfate-Reducing Bacterium Desulfotomaculum
  hydrothermale Lam5^T
  Oulfat Amin, Marie-Laure Fardeau, Odile Valette, Agnès Hirschler-Réa,
  Valérie Barbe, Claudine Médigue, Benoit Vacherie, Bernard Ollivier,
  Philippe N. Bertin, and Alain Dolla
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00114-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00114-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00114-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Whole-Genome Shotgun Sequence of Pseudomonas viridiflava, a Bacterium
  Species Pathogenic to Ararabidopsis thaliana
  Francois Lefort, Gautier Calmin, Julien Crovadore, Magne Osteras, and
  Laurent Farinelli
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00116-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00116-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00116-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Whole Genome Sequencing of Thermus oshimai JL-2 and Thermus thermophilus
  JL-18, Incomplete Denitrifiers from the United States Great Basin
  Senthil K. Murugapiran, Marcel Huntemann, Chia-Lin Wei, James Han, John
  C. Detter, Cliff S. Han, Tracy H. Erkkila, Hazuki Teshima, Amy Chen,
  Nikos Kyrpides, Konstantinos Mavrommatis, Victor Markowitz, Ernest Szeto,
  Natalia Ivanova, Ioanna Pagani, Jenny Lam, Austin I. McDonald, Jeremy A.
  Dodsworth, Amrita Pati, Lynne Goodwin, Lin Peters, Sam Pitluck, Tanja
  Woyke, and Brian P. Hedlund
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00106-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00106-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00106-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Genome Sequence of Klebsiella pneumoniae Ecl8, a Reference Strain for
  Targeted Genetic Manipulation
  Maria Fookes, Jing Yu, Shyamasree De Majumdar, Nicholas Thomson, and
  Thamarai Schneiders
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00027-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00027-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00027-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequence of the First Isolate of Extensively Drug-Resistant
  (XDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Malaysia
  Kee Peng Ng, Su Mei Yew, Chai Ling Chan, Jennifer Chong, Soo Nee Tang,
  Tuck Soon Soo-Hoo, Shiang Ling Na, Hamimah Hassan, Yun Fong Ngeow, Chee
  Choong Hoh, Kok Wei Lee, and Wai Yan Yee
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00056-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00056-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00056-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequences of Five Strains in the Genus Thauera
  Binbin Liu, Åsa Frostegård, and James P. Shapleigh
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00052-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00052-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00052-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequences of Two Virulent Serotypes of Avian Pasteurella
  multocida
  Juan E. Abrahante, Timothy J. Johnson, Samuel S. Hunter, Samuel K.
  Maheswaran, Melissa J. Hauglund, Darrell O. Bayles, Fred M. Tatum, and
  Robert E. Briggs
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00058-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00058-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00058-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequence of a Subarctic Humic Substance-Degrading
  Pseudomonad
  Ha Ju Park, Seung Chul Shin, and Dockyu Kim
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00070-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00070-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00070-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Genome Sequence of Klebsiella oxytoca M5al, a Promising Strain for
  Nitrogen Fixation and Chemical Production
  Guanhui Bao, Yanping Zhang, Chenyu Du, Zugen Chen, Yin Li, Zhu’an Cao,
  and Yanhe Ma
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00074-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00074-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00074-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Chromosome Sequence of Carnobacterium maltaromaticum LMA 28
  Catherine Cailliez-Grimal, Stéphane Chaillou, Jamila Anba-Mondoloni,
  Valentin Loux, Muhammad Inam Afzal, Abdur Rahman, Gilles Kergourlay,
  Marie-Christine Champomier-Vergès, Monique Zagorec, Paw Dalgaard, Jorgen
  J. Leisner, Hervé Prévost, Anne-Marie Revol-Junelles, and Frédéric Borges
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00115-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00115-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00115-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequences of Four Nosocomial Methicillin-Resistant
  Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Strains (PPUKM-261-2009, PPUKM-332-2009,
  PPUKM-377-2009, and PPUKM-775-2009) Representative of Dominant MRSA
  Pulsotypes Circulating in a Malaysian University Teaching Hospital
  Hui-Min Neoh, Zeti-Azura Mohamed-Hussein, Xin-Ee Tan, Raja Mohd Fadhil B
  Raja Abd Rahman, Salasawati Hussin, Noraziah Mohamad Zin, and Rahman
  Jamal
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00103-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00103-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00103-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris UC509.9, Host for a
  Model Lactococcal P335 Bacteriophage
  Stuart Ainsworth, Aldert Zomer, Victor de Jager, Francesca Bottacini,
  Sacha A. F. T. van Hijum, Jennifer Mahony, and Douwe van Sinderen
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00119-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00119-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00119-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequence of Brucella abortus BCB027, a Strain Isolated from
  a Domestic Deer
  Lulu Wang, Yefeng Qiu, Zeliang Chen, Jie Xu, Zhoujia Wang, Yuehua Ke,
  Tiefeng Li, Dali Wang, Liuyu Huang, Yaqin Yu, and Qing Zhen
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00130-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00130-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00130-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Genome Sequence of the Human Abscess Isolate Streptococcus intermedius
  BA1
  Paul J. Planet, Ryan Rampersaud, Saul R. Hymes, Susan Whittier, Phyllis
  A. Della-Latta, Apurva Narechania, Sean C. Daugherty, Ivette
  Santana-Cruz, Robert DeSalle, Jacques Ravel, and Adam J. Ratner
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00117-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00117-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00117-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequence of the Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
  Isolate MRSA-M2
  Janette M. Harro, Sean Daugherty, Vincent M. Bruno, Mary Ann Jabra-Rizk,
  David A. Rasko, and Mark E. Shirtliff
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00037-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00037-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00037-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome of the Nitrogen-Fixing Bacterium Pseudomonas stutzeri Strain
  KOS6 Isolated from Industrial Hydrocarbon Sludge
  Tatiana V. Grigoryeva, Aleksandr V. Laikov, Rimma P. Naumova, Aleksandr
  I. Manolov, Andrey K. Larin, Irina Y. Karpova, Tatiana A. Semashko,
  Dmitry G. Alexeev, Elena S. Kostryukova, Rudolf Müller, and Vadim M.
  Govorun
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00072-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00072-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00072-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequence of the Type Species of the Genus Citrobacter,
  Citrobacter freundii MTCC 1658
  Shailesh Kumar, Chandandeep Kaur, Kazuyuki Kimura, Masahiro Takeo,
  Gajendra Pal Singh Raghava, and Shanmugam Mayilraj
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00120-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00120-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00120-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequence of Listeria monocytogenes LL195, a Serotype 4b
  Strain from the 1983–1987 Listeriosis Epidemic in Switzerland
  Thomas Weinmaier, Martin Riesing, Thomas Rattei, Jacques Bille, Carolina
  Arguedas-Villa, Roger Stephan, and Taurai Tasara
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00152-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00152-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00152-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequence of Bacillus thuringiensis Strain 407 Cry-
  Anna E. Sheppard, Anja Poehlein, Philip Rosenstiel, Heiko Liesegang, and
  Hinrich Schulenburg
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00158-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00158-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00158-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequence of Catellicoccus marimammalium, a Novel Species
  Commonly Found in Gull Feces
  Michael R. Weigand, Hodon Ryu, Laura Bozcek, Konstantinos T.
  Konstantinidis, and Jorge W. Santo Domingo
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00019-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00019-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00019-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequence of a Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica
  Strain from Germany Causing Lethal Infection in Common Marmosets
  Markus H. Antwerpen, E. Schacht, P. Kaysser, and W. D. Splettstoesser
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00135-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00135-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00135-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequence of emm1 Streptococcus pyogenes A20, a Strain
  with an Intact Two-Component System, CovRS, Isolated from a Patient with
  Necrotizing Fasciitis
  Po-Xing Zheng, Kun-Ta Chung, Chuan Chiang-Ni, Shu-Ying Wang, Pei-Jane
  Tsai, Woei-Jer Chuang, Yee-Shin Lin, Ching-Chuan Liu, and Jiunn-Jong Wu
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00149-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00149-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00149-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Genome Sequence of Bacillus licheniformis CGMCC3963, a Stress-Resistant
  Strain Isolated in a Chinese Traditional Solid-State Liquor-Making
  Process
  Qun Wu, Suqin Peng, Yao Yu, Yixue Li, and Yan Xu
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00060-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00060-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00060-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strain N002, Isolated
  from Crude Oil-Contaminated Soil from Geleky, Assam, India
  Abhjit Sarma Roy, Reshita Baruah, Dhrubajyoti Gogoi, Maina Borah, Anil
  Kumar Singh, and Hari Prasanna Deka Boruah
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00104-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00104-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00104-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequence of Mycoplasma hyorhinis Strain SK76
  Steve Goodison, Virginia Urquidi, Dibyendu Kumar, Leticia Reyes, and
  Charles J. Rosser
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00101-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00101-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00101-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus SNUVpS-1 Isolated from
  Korean Seafood
  Jin Woo Jun, Ji Hyung Kim, Casiano H. Choresca, Sang Phil Shin, Jee Eun
  Han, and Se Chang Park
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00132-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00132-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00132-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequence of a Clinical Isolate, Aeromonas hydrophila
  SNUFPC-A8, from a Moribund Cherry Salmon (Oncorhynchus masou masou)
  Jee Eun Han, Ji Hyung Kim, Casiano Choresca, Sang Phil Shin, Jin Woo Jun,
  and Se Chang Park
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00133-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00133-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00133-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Genome Sequence of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris Strain Xca5
  Stéphanie Bolot, Endrick Guy, Sébastien Carrere, Valérie Barbe, Matthieu
  Arlat, and Laurent D. Noël
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00032-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00032-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00032-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequence of Pediococcus lolii NGRI 0510Q^T Isolated from
  Ryegrass Silage
  Katsumi Doi, Kazuki Mori, Kosuke Tashiro, Yasuhiro Fujino, Yuko
  Nagayoshi, Yoshiharu Hayashi, Satoru Kuhara, and Toshihisa Ohshima
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00156-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00156-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00156-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequence of the Probiotic Enterococcus faecalis
  Symbioflor 1 Clone DSM 16431
  Moritz Fritzenwanker, Carsten Kuenne, Andre Billion, Torsten Hain, Kurt
  Zimmermann, Alexander Goesmann, Trinad Chakraborty, and Eugen Domann
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00165-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00165-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00165-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Genome Sequence of Lactobacillus saerimneri 30a (Formerly Lactobacillus
  sp. Strain 30a), a Reference Lactic Acid Bacterium Strain Producing
  Biogenic Amines
  Andrea Romano, Hein Trip, Hugo Campbell-Sills, Olivier Bouchez, David
  Sherman, Juke S. Lolkema, and Patrick M. Lucas
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00097-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00097-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00097-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Towards the Description of the Genome Catalogue of Pseudomonas sp. Strain
  M1
  Pedro Soares-Castro and Pedro M. Santos
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00146-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00146-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00146-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Whole Genome Sequencing and Comparative Analysis of Bartonella
  bacilliformis Strain INS, the Causative Agent of Carrion’s Disease
  D. Tarazona, C. Padilla, O. Cáceres, J. D. Montenegro, H. Bailón, G.
  Ventura, G. Mendoza, E. Anaya, and H. Guio
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00053-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00053-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00053-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequence of a Humic Substance-Degrading Paenibacillus sp.
  Isolated from the Subarctic Grasslands at Low Temperature
  Ha Ju Park and Dockyu Kim
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00170-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00170-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00170-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequence of the Alfalfa Symbiont Sinorhizobium/Ensifer
  meliloti Strain GR4
  Francisco Martínez-Abarca, Laura Martínez-Rodríguez, José Antonio
  López-Contreras, José Ignacio Jiménez-Zurdo, and Nicolás Toro
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00174-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00174-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00174-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Genome Sequence of Weissella ceti NC36, an Emerging Pathogen of Farmed
  Rainbow Trout in the United States
  Jason T. Ladner, Timothy J. Welch, Chris A. Whitehouse, and Gustavo F.
  Palacios
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00187-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00187-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00187-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Genome Sequence of Moraxella macacae 0408225, a Novel Bacterial Species
  Isolated from a Cynomolgus Macaque with Epistaxis
  Jason T. Ladner, Chris A. Whitehouse, Galina I. Koroleva, and Gustavo F.
  Palacios
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00188-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00188-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00188-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequence of the Nitrate- and Phosphate-Accumulating Bacillus
  sp. Strain MCC0008
  Shreya DebRoy, Amrita Bhattacharjee, Ashoke Ranjan Thakur, and Shaon
  RayChaudhuri
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00189-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00189-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00189-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequence of Mycoplasma cynos Strain C142
  Caray A. Walker, Sally A. Mannering, Shelly Shields, Damer P. Blake, and
  Joe Brownlie
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00196-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00196-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00196-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Genome of a Gut Strain of Bacillus subtilis
  Ghislain Schyns, Cláudia R. Serra, Thomas Lapointe, José B. Pereira-Leal,
  Sébastien Potot, Patrick Fickers, John B. Perkins, Markus Wyss, and
  Adriano O. Henriques
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00184-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00184-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00184-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequence of an Alphaproteobacterium, Caenispirillum
  salinarum AK4^T, Isolated from a Solar Saltern
  Indu Khatri, Aditya Singh, Suresh Korpole, Anil Kumar Pinnaka, and
  Srikrishna Subramanian
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00199-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00199-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00199-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequence of a Clostridium botulinum Isolate from Water Used
  for Cooling at a Plant Producing Low-Acid Canned Foods
  Uma Basavanna, Narjol Gonzalez-Escalona, Ruth Timme, Shomik Datta,
  Brianna Schoen, Eric W. Brown, Donald Zink, and Shashi K. Sharma
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00200-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00200-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00200-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Genome Sequence of Campylobacter showae UNSWCD, Isolated from a Patient
  with Crohn’s Disease
  Aidan P. Tay, Nadeem O. Kaakoush, Nandan P. Deshpande, Zhiliang Chen,
  Hazel Mitchell, and Marc R. Wilkins
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00193-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00193-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00193-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Genome of Cupriavidus sp. HMR-1, a Heavy Metal-Resistant Bacterium
  Li-Guan Li, Lin Cai, and Tong Zhang
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00202-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00202-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00202-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome of Spiribacter salinus M19-40, an Abundant
  Gammaproteobacterium in Aquatic Hypersaline Environments
  Maria Jose Leon, Rohit Ghai, Ana Beatriz Fernandez, Cristina
  Sanchez-Porro, Francisco Rodriguez-Valera, and Antonio Ventosa
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00179-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00179-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00179-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequences of the Enterococcus faecium Strain LCT-EF258
  De Chang, Yuanfang Zhu, Xiangqun Fang, Tianzhi Li, Junfeng Wang, Yinghua
  Guo, Longxiang Su, Yan Liu, Xuege Jiang, Li Wang, Na Guo, and Changting
  Liu
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00147-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00147-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00147-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequence of Rhodococcus opacus Strain M213 Shows a Diverse
  Catabolic Potential
  Ashish Pathak, Stefan J. Green, Andrew Ogram, and Ashvini Chauhan
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00144-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00144-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00144-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Genome Sequence of Non-O1 Vibrio cholerae PS15
  Sanath Kumar, Ingrid E. Lindquist, Anitha Sundararajan, Chythanya
  Rajanna, Jared T. Floyd, Kenneth P. Smith, Jody L. Andersen, Guixin He,
  Ryan M. Ayers, Judith A. Johnson, James J. Werdann, Ava A. Sandoval,
  Nadia M. Mojica, Faye D. Schilkey, Joann Mudge, and Manuel F. Varela
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00227-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00227-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00227-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequence of Enterococcus faecalis PC1.1, a Candidate
  Probiotic Strain Isolated from Human Feces
  Páraic Ó Cuív, Eline S. Klaassens, Wendy J. Smith, Stanislas Mondot, A.
  Scott Durkin, Derek M. Harkins, Les Foster, Jamison McCorrison, Manolito
  Torralba, Karen E. Nelson, and Mark Morrison
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00160-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00160-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00160-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequence of a Clinical Strain of Yersinia enterocolitica
  (IP10393) of Bioserotype 4/O:3 from France
  Cyril Savin, Lionel Frangeul, Laurence Ma, Christiane Bouchier, Ivan
  Moszer, and Elisabeth Carniel
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00150-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00150-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00150-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Genome Sequence of Klebsiella pneumoniae KpQ3, a DHA-1
  β-Lactamase-Producing Nosocomial Isolate
  Raquel Tobes, Francisco M. Codoñer, Elena López-Camacho, Iñigo J.
  Salanueva, Marina Manrique, Marta Brozynska, Rosa Gómez-Gil, Juan F.
  Martínez-Blanch, Miguel Álvarez-Tejado, Eduardo Pareja, and Jesús
  Mingorance
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00167-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00167-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00167-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequence of Prepandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus BB22OP
  Roderick V. Jensen, Saylem M. DePasquale, Elizabeth A. Harbolick, Tian
  Hong, Alison L. Kernell, David H. Kruchko, Thero Modise, Cimarron E.
  Smith, Linda L. McCarter, and Ann M. Stevens
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00002-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00002-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00002-12.abstract.html?etoc

  First Genome Sequence of a Syntrophic Acetate-Oxidizing Bacterium,
  Tepidanaerobacter acetatoxydans Strain Re1
  Shahid Manzoor, Erik Bongcam-Rudloff, Anna Schnürer, and Bettina Müller
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00213-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00213-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00213-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequence of the Porcine Strain Brachyspira pilosicoli
  P43/6/78^T
  Changyou Lin, Henk C. den Bakker, Haruo Suzuki, Tristan Lefébure, Lalit
  Ponnala, Qi Sun, Michael J. Stanhope, Martin Wiedmann, and Gérald E.
  Duhamel
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00215-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00215-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00215-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Genome Sequence of Mycoplasma feriruminatoris sp. nov., a Fast-Growing
  Mycoplasma Species
  Anne Fischer, Ivette Santana-Cruz, Michelle Giglio, Suvarna Nadendla,
  Elliott Drabek, Edy M. Vilei, Joachim Frey, and Joerg Jores
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00216-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00216-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00216-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequence of the Halophilic Bacterium Halobacillus sp. Strain
  BAB-2008
  M. N. Joshi, A. S. Pandit, A. Sharma, R. V. Pandya, A. K. Saxena, and S.
  B. Bagatharia
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00222-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00222-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00222-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequence of the Piezophilic, Mesophilic, Sulfate-Reducing
  Bacterium Desulfovibrio hydrothermalis AM13^T
  Boyang Ji, Gregory Gimenez, Valérie Barbe, Benoît Vacherie, Zoé Rouy,
  Amira Amrani, Marie-Laure Fardeau, Philippe Bertin, Didier Alazard,
  Sabine Leroy, Emmanuel Talla, Bernard Ollivier, Alain Dolla, and Nathalie
  Pradel
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00226-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00226-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00226-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Genome Sequence of Naphthalene-Degrading Soil Bacterium Pseudomonas
  putida CSV86
  Prashant Phale, Vasundhara Paliwal, Sajan C. Raju, Arnab Modak, and
  Hemant J. Purohit
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00234-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00234-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00234-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Genome Sequence of Alcaligenes sp. Strain HPC1271
  Atya Kapley, Sneha Sagarkar, Himgouri Tanksale, Nandita Sharma, Asifa
  Qureshi, Anshuman Khardenavis, and Hemant J. Purohit
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00235-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00235-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00235-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequence of Escherichia coli Strain LCT-EC59
  Tianzhi Li, Jiapeng Chen, De Chang, Xiangqun Fang, Junfeng Wang, Yinghua
  Guo, Longxiang Su, Guogang Xu, Yajuan Wang, Zhenhong Chen, and Changting
  Liu
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00242-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00242-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00242-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequence of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Strain J96
  Eric A. Klein and Zemer Gitai
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00245-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00245-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00245-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequence of Chromate-Resistant and Biofilm-Producing Strain
  Pseudomonas alcaliphila 34
  Luisa Santopolo, Emmanuela Marchi, Francesca Decorosi, Marco Galardini,
  Matteo Brilli, Luciana Giovannetti, and Carlo Viti
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00125-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00125-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00125-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequences of Three Salmonella enterica Serotype Agona
  Strains from China
  Jianmin Zhang, Guojie Cao, Xuebin Xu, Huimin Jin, Xiaowei Yang, Marc
  Allard, Eric Brown, and Jianghong Meng
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00203-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00203-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00203-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequence of Type Strain Clostridium pasteurianum DSM 525
  (ATCC 6013), a Promising Producer of Chemicals and Fuels
  Sugima Rappert, Lifu Song, Wael Sabra, Wei Wang, and An-Ping Zeng
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00232-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00232-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00232-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome of Enterobacteriaceae Bacterium Strain FGI 57, a Strain
  Associated with Leaf-Cutter Ant Fungus Gardens
  Frank O. Aylward, Daniel M. Tremmel, David C. Bruce, Patrick Chain, Amy
  Chen, Karen Walston Davenport, Chris Detter, Cliff S. Han, James Han,
  Marcel Huntemann, Natalia N. Ivanova, Nikos C. Kyrpides, Victor
  Markowitz, Kostas Mavrommatis, Matt Nolan, Ioanna Pagani, Amrita Pati,
  Sam Pitluck, Shweta Deshpande, Lynne Goodwin, Tanja Woyke, and Cameron R.
  Currie
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00238-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00238-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00238-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequence of a Phosphate-Accumulating Bacillus sp., WBUNB004
  Shreya DebRoy, Pallavi Mukherjee, Sujata Roy, Ashoke Ranjan Thakur, and
  Shaon RayChaudhuri
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00251-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00251-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00251-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequence of Herbaspirillum huttiense subsp. putei IAM 15032,
  a Strain Isolated from Well Water
  Vanely de Souza, Vitor C. Piro, Helisson Faoro, Michelle Z. Tadra-Sfeir,
  Vanessa K. Chicora, Dieval Guizelini, Vinicius Weiss, Ricardo A. Vialle,
  Rose A. Monteiro, Maria Berenice R. Steffens, Jeroniza N. Marchaukoski,
  Fabio O. Pedrosa, Leonardo M. Cruz, Leda S. Chubatsu, and Roberto T.
  Raittz
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00252-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00252-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00252-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Draft Genome Sequence of a Nitrate- and Phosphate-Removing Bacillus sp.,
  WBUNB009
  Shreya DebRoy, Pallavi Mukherjee, Sujata Roy, Ashoke Ranjan Thakur, and
  Shaon RayChaudhuri
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00254-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00254-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00254-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequence of the Industrial Strain Gluconobacter oxydans
  H24
  Xin Ge, Yan Zhao, Wei Hou, Weicai Zhang, Weiwei Chen, Jianhua Wang, Nan
  Zhao, Jian Lin, Wenxi Wang, Mengxia Chen, Qingge Wang, Yinghui Jiao,
  Zhigang Yuan, and Xianghua Xiong
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00003-13; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00003-13
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00003-13.abstract.html?etoc

-----------------------------------------------------------------
 Viruses
-----------------------------------------------------------------

  Genome Sequence of a Novel Virus of the Species Human Adenovirus D
  Associated with Acute Gastroenteritis
  Yuki Matsushima, Hideaki Shimizu, Atsuko Kano, Etsuko Nakajima, Yoko
  Ishimaru, Shuvra Kanti Dey, Yuki Watanabe, Fuyuka Adachi, Kohnosuke
  Mitani, Tsuguto Fujimoto, Tung Gia Phan, and Hiroshi Ushijima
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00068-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00068-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00068-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequence of the Crocuta crocuta Papillomavirus Type 1
  (CcrPV1) from a Spotted Hyena, the First Papillomavirus Characterized in
  a Member of the Hyaenidae
  Hans Stevens, Elisabeth Heylen, Karlien De Keyser, Roger Maes, Matti
  Kiupel, Annabel Wise, Keith Nelson, Kay Holekamp, Anne Engh, Christy
  McKnight, Marc Van Ranst, and Annabel Rector
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00062-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00062-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00062-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequence of the Pseudomonas fluorescens Bacteriophage
  UFV-P2
  Monique R. Eller, Rafael L. Salgado, Pedro M. P. Vidigal, Maura P. Alves,
  Roberto S. Dias, Leandro L. de Oliveira, Cynthia C. da Silva, Antônio F.
  de Carvalho, and Sérgio O. De Paula
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00006-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00006-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00006-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequence of the Streptococcus suis Temperate
  Bacteriophage ϕNJ2
  Fang Tang, Alex Bossers, Frank Harders, Chengping Lu, and Hilde Smith
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00008-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00008-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00008-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel Human Enterovirus 85 (HEV85)
  Recombinant with an Unknown New Serotype HEV-B Donor Sequence Isolated
  from a Child with Acute Flaccid Paralysis
  Qiang Sun, Yong Zhang, Hui Cui, Shuangli Zhu, Zhen Zhu, Guohong Huang,
  Xiaolei Li, Bo Zhang, Dongmei Yan, Hongqiu An, and Wenbo Xu
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00015-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00015-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00015-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequences of Two Feline Leukemia Virus Subgroup B
  Isolates with Novel Recombination Sites
  H. Stewart, O. Jarrett, M. J. Hosie, and B. J. Willett
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00036-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00036-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00036-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequence of Bacillus thuringiensis Bacteriophage BMBtp2
  Zhaoxia Dong, Donghai Peng, Yueying Wang, Lei Zhu, Lifang Ruan, and Ming
  Sun
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00011-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00011-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00011-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Genome Sequence of a Novel Archaeal Rudivirus Recovered from a Mexican
  Hot Spring
  Luis E. Servín-Garcidueñas, Xu Peng, Roger A. Garrett, and Esperanza
  Martínez-Romero
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00040-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00040-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00040-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel Porcine Parvovirus (PPV)
  Provisionally Designated PPV5
  Chao-Ting Xiao, Patrick G. Halbur, and Tanja Opriessnig
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00021-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00021-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00021-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel Natural Recombinant Porcine
  Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Isolated from a Pig Farm in
  Yunnan Province, Southwest China
  Yulin Yan, Aiguo Xin, Gaohong Zhu, Hui Huang, Qian Liu, Zhiyong Shao,
  Yating Zang, Ling Chen, Yongke Sun, and Hong Gao
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00003-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00003-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00003-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequences of Classical Swine Fever Virus Isolates
  Belonging to a New Subgenotype, 2.1c, from Hunan Province, China
  Da-Liang Jiang, Guo-Hua Liu, Wen-Jie Gong, Run-cheng Li, Yun-Fei Hu,
  Changchun Tu, and Xing-Long Yu
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00080-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00080-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00080-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequence of a Newcastle Disease Virus Strain Belonging to
  a Recently Identified Genotype
  François-Xavier Briand, Aurélie Henry, Paul Brown, Pascale Massin, and
  Véronique Jestin
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00100-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00100-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00100-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequence of the First Aichi Virus Isolated in Taiwan
  Jenn-Tzong Chang, Yao-Shen Chen, Bao-Chen Chen, David Chao, and
  Tsung-Hsien Chang
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00107-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00107-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00107-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Genome Sequences of a Novel HIV-1 Circulating Recombinant Form,
  CRF55_01B, Identified in China
  Xiaoxu Han, Minghui An, Weiqing Zhang, Weiping Cai, Xi Chen, Yutaka
  Takebe, and Hong Shang
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00050-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00050-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00050-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequence of a Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory
  Syndrome Virus Variant with a New Deletion in the 5′ Untranslated Region
  Kaichuang Shi, Chun’ai Tao, Changhua Lin, Gang Li, and Jun Li
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00090-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00090-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00090-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Nucleotide Sequence of Canine Distemper Virus HLJ1-06, Isolated
  from Foxes in China
  Qian Jiang, Xiaoliang Hu, Yanhua Ge, Huan Lin, Yong Jiang, Jiasen Liu,
  Dongchun Guo, Changde Si, and Liandong Qu
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00065-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00065-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00065-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequence of an Avian Paramyxovirus Type 4 from North
  America Reveals a Shorter Genome and New Genotype
  Manoharan Parthiban, Manimaran Kaliyaperumal, Sa Xiao, Baibaswata Nayak,
  Anandan Paldurai, Shin-Hee Kim, Brian S. Ladman, Lauren A. Preskenis,
  Jack Gelb, Jr., Peter L. Collins, and Siba K. Samal
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00075-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00075-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00075-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequence of Bacteriophage EC6, Capable of Lysing
  Escherichia coli O157:H7
  Birendra R. Tiwari and Jungmin Kim
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00085-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00085-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00085-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Analysis of Canine Respiratory Coronavirus
  Seong-in Lim, Sarah Choi, Ji-Ae Lim, Hye-Young Jeoung, Jae-Young Song, R.
  C. dela Pena, and Dong-Jun An
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00093-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00093-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00093-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Full Genome Sequence of a Novel Human Enterovirus C (EV-C118) Isolated
  from Two Children with Acute Otitis Media and Community-Acquired
  Pneumonia in Israel
  Cristina Daleno, Antonio Piralla, Alessia Scala, Fausto Baldanti, David
  Greenberg, Nicola Principi, Susanna Esposito, and CAP-PRI Study Group
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00121-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00121-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00121-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequences of Six Avian-Like H1N1 Swine Influenza Viruses
  from Northwestern China
  Jing-Yu Wang, Juan-Juan Ren, Yuan-Hao Qiu, and Hung-Jen Liu
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00098-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00098-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00098-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequence of a Rabies Virus Isolate from Cattle in
  Guangxi, Southern China
  Hai-Bo Tang, Xiao-Xia He, Yi-Zhi Zhong, Su-Huan Liao, Tao-Zhen Zhong,
  Lin-Juan Xie, Yan Pan, Zhuan-Ling Lu, Xian-Kai Wei, Yang Luo, and Ting
  Rong Luo
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00137-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00137-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00137-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequence of Sacbrood Virus Strain SBM2, Isolated from the
  Honeybee Apis cerana in Vietnam
  Nga Thi Bich Nguyen and Thanh Hoa Le
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00076-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00076-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00076-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequence of a Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and
  Respiratory Syndrome Virus Variant Isolated from a Backyard Piglet
  Kaichuang Shi, Shenglan Mo, Huaxin Huang, Changhua Lin, Chun’ai Tao, Jun
  Li, and Gang Li
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00123-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00123-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00123-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequences of Edwardsiella tarda-Lytic Bacteriophages KF-1
  and IW-1
  Motoshige Yasuike, Emi Sugaya, Yoji Nakamura, Yuya Shigenobu, Yasuhiko
  Kawato, Wataru Kai, Atushi Fujiwara, Motohiko Sano, Takanori Kobayashi,
  and Toshihiro Nakai
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00089-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00089-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00089-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel Recombinant Human Norovirus Genogroup
  II Genotype 4 Strain Associated with an Epidemic during Summer of 2012 in
  Hong Kong
  Martin C. W. Chan and Paul K. S. Chan
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00140-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00140-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00140-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequence of a Human Coxsackievirus B3 from a Child with
  Myocarditis in Beijing, China
  Jiang Du, Zhiqiang Wu, Ying Xue, Ting Zhang, Fan Yang, and Qi Jin
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00163-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00163-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00163-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequence of the Novel Duck Circovirus Strain GH01 from
  Southwestern China
  Zhilong Zhang, Renyong Jia, Mingshu Wang, Yanyan Lu, Dekang Zhu, Shun
  Chen, Zhongqiong Yin, Yin Wang, Xiaoyue Chen, and Anchun Cheng
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00166-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00166-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00166-12.abstract.html?etoc

  The Genome of Cronobacter sakazakii Bacteriophage vB_CsaP_GAP227 Suggests
  a New Genus within the Autographivirinae
  Reza Abbasifar, Andrew M. Kropinski, Parviz M. Sabour, Hans-Wolfgang
  Ackermann, Argentina Alanis Villa, Arash Abbasifar, and Mansel W.
  Griffiths
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00122-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00122-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00122-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequence of a Natural Recombinant H9N2 Influenza Virus
  from Wild Birds in Republic of Korea
  Dong-Hun Lee, Jae-Keun Park, Seong-Su Yuk, Tseren-Ochir Erdene-Ochir,
  Jung-Hoon Kwon, Joong-Bok Lee, Seung-Yong Park, In-Soo Choi, and
  Chang-Seon Song
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00159-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00159-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00159-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Genome Sequence of the Hepatitis C Virus Subtype 6n Isolated from
  Malaysia
  Kim Tien Ng, Yeat Mei Lee, Haider Abdulrazzaq Abed Al-Darraji, Xueshan
  Xia, Yutaka Takebe, Kok Gan Chan, Ling Lu, Sanjiv Mahadeva, Adeeba
  Kamarulzaman, and Kok Keng Tee
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00168-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00168-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00168-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequence of GII.4 Human Norovirus HS191
  Stanislav V. Sosnovtsev, Karin Bok, Qiuhong Wang, Linda J. Saif, and Kim
  Y. Green
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00169-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00169-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00169-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequence of a Highly Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus
  Currently Circulating in Mexico
  Sa Xiao, Anandan Paldurai, Baibaswata Nayak, Armando Mirande, Peter L.
  Collins, and Siba K. Samal
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00177-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00177-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00177-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequence of Human Adenovirus Type 7 Associated with Fatal
  Infant Pneumonia
  Liuying Tang, Junjing An, Pengbo Yu, and Wenbo Xu
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00182-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00182-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00182-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequences of Two Newcastle Disease Virus Strains of
  Genotype VIII
  Yongzhong Cao, Min Gu, Xiaorong Zhang, Wenbo Liu, and Xiufan Liu
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00180-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00180-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00180-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome of a Genotype I Japanese Encephalitis Virus Isolated from
  a Patient with Encephalitis in Vientiane, Lao PDR
  Fabien Aubry, Manivanh Vongsouvath, Antoine Nougairède, Rattanaphone
  Phetsouvanh, Bountoy Sibounheuang, Rémi Charrel, Sayaphet Rattanavong,
  Koukeo Phommasone, Onanong Sengvilaipraserth, Xavier de Lamballerie, Paul
  N. Newton, and Audrey Dubot-Pérès
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00157-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00157-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00157-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequence of a Street Rabies Virus Isolated from a Dog in
  Nigeria
  Ming Zhou, Zutao Zhou, Grace S. N. Kia, Clement W. Gnanadurai, Christina
  M. Leyson, Jarlath U. Umoh, Jacob P. Kwaga, Haruna M. Kazeem, and Zhen F.
  Fu
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00214-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00214-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00214-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Full Genome Sequence of Giant Panda Rotavirus Strain CH-1
  Ling Guo, Qigui Yan, Shaolin Yang, Chengdong Wang, Shijie Chen, Xiaonong
  Yang, Rong Hou, Zifang Quan, and Zhongxiang Hao
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00241-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00241-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00241-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequence of a Variant Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus
  Strain Isolated in Central China
  Xiao-Meng Wang, Bei-Bei Niu, He Yan, Dong-Sheng Gao, Jin-Yao Huo, Lu
  Chen, Hong-Tao Chang, Chuan-qing Wang, and Jun Zhao
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00243-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00243-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00243-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequences of Bovine Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 Strain
  BN-1 and Vaccine Strain BN-CE
  Takashi Ohkura, Takehiro Kokuho, Misako Konishi, Ken-ichiro Kameyama, and
  Kaoru Takeuchi
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00247-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00247-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00247-12.abstract.html?etoc

  Complete Genome Sequences of New Emerging Newcastle Disease Virus Strains
  Isolated from China
  Hualei Liu, Yan Lv, Claudio L. Afonso, Shengqiang Ge, Dongxia Zheng,
  Yunling Zhao, and Zhiliang Wang
  Genome Announc. January 2013 1:e00129-12; doi:10.1128/genomeA.00129-12
  http://genomea.asm.org/content/1/1/e00129-12.abstract.html?etoc